足球是“football”还是“soccer”？
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等待四年的世界杯终于来了，
在参与这场全球盛典之前，
跟Jenny和Adam一起学一学足球英语吧。
Football vs. Soccer
在英语中，Football和Soccer都是足球的意思，但在美国，如果你说Football，大家首先会想到的是American football（美式橄榄球）。因此在美国，人们用Soccer特指足球。
FIFA是什么？
足球是全球第一大运动，世界杯是全世界人民共同的盛典。关注足球的朋友一定对“FIFA”这个词不陌生，其实它是国际足球联合会的简称：
FIFA World Cup: 国际足联世界杯FIFA: Fédération Internationale de Football Association（国际足球联合会的法语表达）世界杯
今年世界杯的东道主是俄罗斯，开幕式在其首都莫斯科举行：
Host country: 东道主，主办国Opening ceremony: 开幕式参加比赛的球队一共有32支，其中包括东道主和世界杯预选赛入围的31支球队。
首先进行的是小组赛：
Group stage: 小组赛小组赛中采取循环赛制，每个球队都会和小组中其它球队比赛一次，这样的循环轮流方式英语中叫做：
Round Robin: 循环赛小组赛后就是竞争激烈的淘汰赛：
Knockout stage: 淘汰赛我们经常听到的“K.O”其实就是knockout的缩写。
球迷狂欢
世界杯开赛后，全球各地的狂热球迷们一定会熬夜看球：
Pull an all-nighter: 熬夜通宵Binge watching: 不停地看对于那些狂热的粉丝，英语中可以形容他们为：
Rabid fans: 狂热的粉丝Soccer terminology: 足球术语
场地名称篇
field / pitch 足球场
midfield 中场
backfield 后场
kickoff circle / center circle 中圈
sideline 边线
goal line 球门线
end line 底线
penalty mark （点球）罚球点
penalty area 禁区（罚球区）
goal area 小禁区（球门区）
球队称谓篇
coach 教练
head coach 主教练
football player 足球运动员
referee 裁判
captain / leader 队长
forward / striker 前锋
midfielder 前卫
left midfielder 左前卫
right midfielder 右前卫
attacking midfielder 攻击型前卫（前腰）
defending midfielder 防守型前卫（后腰）
center forward 中锋
full back 后卫
center back 中后卫
left back 左后卫
right back 右后卫
sweeper 清道夫，拖后中卫
goalkeeper / goalie 守门员
足球技术篇
kick-off 开球
bicycle kick / overhead kick 倒钩球
chest-high ball 半高球
corner ball / corner 角球
goal kick 球门球
handball 手球
header 头球
penalty kick 点球
place kick 定位球
own goal 乌龙球
hat-trick 帽子戏法
free kick 任意球
direct free kick 直接任意球
indirect free kick 间接任意球
stopping 停球
chesting 胸部停球
pass 传球
short pass 短传
long pass 长传
cross pass 横传
tackle 铲球
clearance kick 解围
shoot 射门
close-range shot 近射
long shot 远射
offside 越位
throw-in 掷界外球
block tackle 正面抢截
body check 阻挡
fair charge 合理冲撞
diving header 鱼跃顶球
dribbling 盘球，带球
deceptive movement 假动作
足球战术篇
set the pace 掌握进攻节奏
ward off an assault 击退一次攻势
break up an attack 破坏一次攻势
disorganize the defence 搅乱防守
total football 全攻全守足球战术
open football 拉开的足球战术
off-side trap 越位战术
wing play 边锋战术
time wasting tactics 拖延战术
4-3-3 formation 433阵型
4-4-2 formation 442阵型
beat the offside trap 反越位成功
foul 犯规
technical foul 技术犯规
break loose 摆脱
你最喜欢哪一支球队？
你认为今年谁最有希望拿到冠军？
欢迎大家在评论区留言预测！
足球叫soccer还是football？
As you watch the 2018 FIFA World Cup over the next few weeks, you'll hear a lot of people call the sport "football."
未来几周观看世界杯的时候，你会听到很多人管足球叫"football"。
If you're American, however, there's a good chance you call it "soccer." And despite what British fans may tell you, there's a good reason you call it that. They should know — soccer is a British word.
但如果你是美国人，很可能你管它叫"soccer"。不管英国球迷怎么说，你这么叫其实很有道理。那些英国球迷得要知道，"soccer"其实是个英国词。
The word "soccer" dates back to the 19th-century birth of modern football. It has a more precise meaning than the broader term "football," points out University of Michigan professor Stefan Szymanski in a new paper.
"soccer"这个词可以追溯到19世纪，现代足球刚刚诞生的时候。密西根大学的教授西曼斯基在最新发布的研究中指出，"soccer"的词义更为精准，而"football"的词义更宽泛。
People have been playing football-like sports for centuries, from the ancient Chinese cuju to the Mayan game pok ta pok, which used a rubber ball. Yet football as it's played in the World Cup was born more recently in Britain.
从中国古代的蹴鞠到玛雅的橡胶足球“波塔波”，人们玩类似足球的运动已经有几个世纪的历史了。然而在世界杯上踢的足球却是英国人在近代发明的。
Some types of football had long involved use of the hands — "football" originally meant an array of ball games played on foot rather than horseback, and didn't necessarily refer to kicking. In 1871, a group of clubs met in London to form the Rugby Football Union, and from then on the two versions of football were distinguished as Rugby Football and Association Football. The latter is a mouthful, especially compared to "rugby," so it clearly needed a nickname.
football一词最初是指在地上而非马背上进行的球类运动。在那时，"football"并不一定要靠踢的，一些"football"长期以来都用手玩。1871年，一些俱乐部在伦敦组建了橄榄球联盟，随后两种不同版本的"football"被分别称为橄榄球（rugby football）和英式足球（association football）以示区别。和前者比起来，后者的名字很拗口，需要一个昵称。
But how did "association" become "soccer"? For one, it was common at the time in England to form slang by adding -er, like "rugger" from Rugby. Plus, as the Online Etymology Dictionary points out, "those who did it perhaps shied away from making a name out of the first three letters of Assoc."
但"association" 是如何演变成"soccer"的？一来在当时的英语中通过添加-er后缀组成俚语很平常，例如橄榄球运动员"rugger"就演变自Rugby。另外根据在线词源词典所指出的，“引导单词变化的人，可能是为了避免单纯地取源单词‘association’ 的前三个字母。”
The popularity of football in North America required another name for association football, so Americans used the British nickname "soccer." This was still a recognized term at the time in England. The word “soccer” wasn't used widely in publications until after World War II. It then peaked in popularity among the British from 1960 to 1980, when soccer and football were used almost interchangeably.
在北美，由于美式橄榄球的盛行，人们需要用另一个名字来称呼英式足球。于是人们选择了它的英国昵称"soccer"。"soccer"一词在二次大战前并未在出版物中广泛使用。在1960年到1980年之间，它在英国的使用率达到高峰，几乎可以和football一词互换使用。
Although it's unclear why "soccer" grew more common in Britain after World War II, it may have been due to the popularity of U.S. soldiers stationed there.
我们尚不清楚为何二战后"soccer"一词在英国变得更普遍，但这可能是因为驻英美军。
In the 1980s we start to hear the argument that soccer is an American word. It is hard to think of any explanation for the decline of "soccer" in England other than the rising popularity of the word soccer in the U.S.
从80年代开始，我们开始听说说法认为"soccer"一词是美语。除了"soccer"一词在美国用的越来越多，我们很难想象还有其他原因能解释为什么英国人不再用它。
